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Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time. A description of a climate includes information on, e.g. the average temperature in different seasons, rainfall, and sunshine, classical period used for describing a climate is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). . Wladimir Koppen divided the world's climates into categories. His categories were based on the temperature, the amount of precipitation, and the times of year when precipitation occurs. The categories were also influenced by a region’s latitude—the imaginary lines used to measure our Earth from north to south from the equator. five main types of climates are: A: Tropical. In this hot and humid zone, the average temperatures are greater than 64°F (18°C) year-round and there is more than 59 inches of precipitation each year. B: Dry. These climate zones are so dry because moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and there is very little precipitation. C: Temperat...

CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Conference of the parties (COP) is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC). A key task for the COP is to review the national communications and emission inventories submitted by Parties. Based on this information, the COP assesses the effects of the measures taken by Parties and the progress made in achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention. Since 2015, under the legally-binding Paris Agreement treaty, almost all countries in the world have committed to: Keep the rise in global average temperature to ‘well below’ 2°C, and ideally 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels. Strengthen the ability to adapt to climate change and build resilience. Align finance flows with ‘a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development’. Source: UNFCCC International The COP meets every year, unless the Parties decide otherwise. The first COP meeting was held in...

Waiting to be discovered: the Plastic waste recycling industry Plastic pollution occurs due to the accumulation of plastic in the environment. Plastic is a versatile compound made up of repeatedly long chains of molecules interlinked together. It can take various forms and shapes. Plastic is used in almost every sector including in building and construction, packaging, and also in electronic and industrial machinery. Accumulation of plastic is a problem because it does not decompose. Its reversible nature makes him a dangerous compound. Normally plastic items usually take 1000 years to decompose. One of the most important and concerning problems in developing nations is plastic pollution, which has a significant negative influence on both the environment and human health. Unfortunately, in Pakistan, there hasn't been much work done on this subject. The average amount of plastic garbage produced annually per person ranges from 69 kg in Japan and Korea to 221 kg in the United Stat...

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: MY IDEAL NATION'S HOPE FOR A BETTER FUTURE Nigeria is currently faced with numerous issues that accumulated and leads to continuous backwardness in economic growth; this is a result of climate change, insecurity and gender inequality. The continues uncontrolled exploitation and over dependency on non renewable energy sources( coal, petroleum, and natural gas), Unsustainable agricultural practices, improper waste management practices, deforestation and other unsustainable habits have led to the increased rise of greenhouse gases(Co, Nox, Sox, methane e.t.c) into the atmosphere, such gases are heat trapping-gases capable of trapping excess heat in the atmosphere which cause a rise in the global average temperature and eventually lead to global warming and climate change. The NOAA report shows that the global mean temperature between January and September 2021 was around 1.08 ±0.13 °C above the 1850-1900 pre-industrial average. The year is likely ...

LIST OF ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, CONVENTIONS, CONFERENCE AND THEIR FULL MEANING 1. UN--------------------UNITED NATIONS 2. UNEP----------------UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM 3. WHO-----------------WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 4. NAFDAC-----------NATIONAl AGENCY FOR FOOD, DRUD ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL 5. UNICEF-------------UNITED NATION'S CHILDREN FUND, FORMERLY UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN EMERGENCY FUND 6. NESREA-------------- NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT AGENCY 7. SON----------------STANDARD ORGANIZATION OF NIGERIA 8. UNDP--------------UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 9. IUCN-------------- INTERNAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 10. FAO---------------- FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS 11. UNFCCC-----------UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 12. IPCC---------------- INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE 13. UNCCD-------------UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATIO...

The word "tsunami" comprises the Japanese words "tsu" (meaning harbour) and "nami" (meaning wave). A tsunami is a series of enormous waves created by an underwater disturbance usually associated with earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean. Volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides, and coastal rock falls can also generate a tsunami, as can a large asteroid impacting the ocean. They originate from a vertical movement of the sea floor with the consequent displacement of water mass. Tsunami waves often look like walls of water and can attack the shoreline and be dangerous for hours, with waves coming every 5 to 60 minutes. The first wave may not be the largest, and often it is the 2nd, 3rd, 4th or even later waves that are the biggest. After one wave inundates, or floods inland, it recedes seaward often as far as a person can see, so the seafloor is exposed. The next wave then rushes ashore within minutes and carries with it many floating de...

Environment is derived from a French word “Environia” means to surround. It refers to both abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components.Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism has to survive and  maintain its life process, it influences the growth and development of all life forms. The major components of the environment are the Atmosphere (air), Lithosphere (soil, rocks), Hydrosphere (water), and the Biosphere (living organisms). Over the years the environment have been changing from its natural setting,slowly to semi-natural and rapidly to what cannot be mentioned in the context of naturality due to human activities. According to NASA The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit (1.18 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century,Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year between 1993 and 2019, while Antarctica lost about 148 bill...

biological diversity short form "BIODIVERSITY" refers to the variety of life on Earth. It consists of  the number, variety and variability of living organisms (animals, plants, fungi, microbes, etc.), the difference in their genetic makeup , and the ecosystems in which they occur( terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems). Biodiversity is of three types which are genetic biodiversity, species biodiversity and ecological biodiversity.  Species biodiversity is the biodiversity at the most basic level, it refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular area, it describes the difference between different individuals of thesame specie. Ecological biodiversity describes variations among the genetic resources of the organism, while on the other hand ecological biodiversity is the diversity observed among the different ecosystems in a region. Diversity in different ecosystems like deserts, rainforests, mangroves, etc. BIODIVERSITY IN THE WORLD S...

WHAT IS LEAD ? Lead(Pb) is a chemical element  derived from the the Latin word plumbum, it has an atomic number of  82. It is a heavy metal which is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, it  also has a relatively low melting point of 600.61 K and low boiling point of 1749 °C. When freshly cut, lead is a shiny gray with a hint of blue. It tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number. OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN NATURE  Lead is found in nature, but rarely in pure form but in ores with other metals, meaning you can not find lead on it is own it is always found attached to other metals. — the most abundant one in the Earth's crust being galena (PbS). Natural formation of lead occurs by radioactive decay of uranium and thorium through radon (222Rn).  About 200 sites for solid lead are known worldwide as of 2017, some of this sites are in Argentina, Ethiopia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, the Peopl...

 NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT Nursery is a place where seeds are raised to seedlings. A nursery can be temporary, permanent,oasis nursery or floating nursery depending on the number of seedlings that needs to be raised, space availability, weather conditions,water source, accessibility,demand, terrain and the type of seed. There are various processes involved in establishing a nursery these processes include 1.Seed procurement 2.Land clearing 3.Fencing 4.Sand filling  5.Watering 6.Stacking Seed application e.t.c  SEED PROCUREMENT A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, Seed procurement involves the collection and preservation of seeds, there are many processes involved in seed collection and preservation. After collection some seeds are preserved inside hot water while some prefer cold water,the seed is then put inside a preservation tray for sun...